Study Review:

Calaway, C. P., Mishra, S., Parrino, R., Martinez, K. M., Mann, J. B., & Signorile, J. F. (2024). The Impact of Velocity-Based Training on Load-Velocity Relationships in Leg Press and Chest Press for Older Persons. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 38(6), 1136-1143. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004750

Key Points:

1. The participants in the study ranged from 64 to 88. ​They were independent-living older adults. ​
2. The study investigated the impact of velocity-based training (VBT) on chest press and leg press maximal strength, peak power, and the percentage load where peak power was achieved (%1RMPP) in older adults. ​
3. Subjects were assigned to either a velocity-deficit (VD) group or a force-deficit (FD) group based on their load-velocity (LV) curves. ​
4. Significant improvements were observed in leg press 1RM and chest press peak power after three months of VBT. ​
5. The study found that VBT effectively shifted the %1RMPP in the leg press groups, indicating improved power production at specific areas of the LV curve. ​
6. These findings have implications for targeting power improvements in older adults and should be considered by healthcare providers and trainers when designing exercise programs to counter age-related declines. ​

Summary:

As we age, older adults often experience declines in strength and power. However, exercise can help mitigate these declines. A recent study focused on older adults has examined the effects of velocity-based training (VBT) on strength and power in this population. The findings suggest that VBT can significantly improve neuromuscular performance and address age-related declines in older adults. By tailoring exercise regimens based on velocity thresholds, VBT has the potential to enhance gains in muscular power and functional capability in this population. This study contributes to our understanding of the impact of VBT on performance in older adults. It highlights the importance of considering these findings when designing exercise programs for this demographic.

What is VBT, and how does it work?

Velocity-based training (VBT) is a unique resistance training method that stands out from traditional approaches. It uses velocity thresholds to guide and individualize training progressions, shifting the focus from the amount of weight lifted (load) to the speed or velocity of the exercise. ​ This innovative approach aims to optimize training outcomes and target specific adaptations or deficiencies by monitoring and manipulating movement velocity.

In VBT, load-velocity (LV) profiles are established for each exercise. ​ These profiles are developed through power testing, where loads within the 0-100% range are used to measure force and velocity. ​ The LV profiles can be graphically represented, allowing for the identification of deficits in force or velocity that may be limiting power production. ​

Based on the LV profiles, individuals can be categorized into velocity-deficit (VD) or force-deficit (FD) groups. ​ Those with a velocity deficit have limitations in speed of movement, while those with a force deficit have limitations in force production. ​ The training program is then tailored to address these specific deficits.

During VBT sessions, individuals perform exercises while aiming to maintain prescribed velocity thresholds. ​ These thresholds are typically a percentage of peak power (PP) achieved during power testing. ​ If the velocity drops below the threshold, it indicates fatigue or inability to generate sufficient power, and the set is terminated. ​ Conversely, the set is considered successful if the velocity remains above the threshold.

By precisely adjusting the load based on the ability to maintain the prescribed velocity threshold, VBT offers a highly individualized progression and optimization of training stimulus. ​ This approach can significantly enhance maximal strength, peak power, and the percentage load at which peak power is achieved, ultimately boosting performance in specific exercises and movements. This individualized approach of VBT ensures that each older adult's unique needs and capabilities are considered, fostering a sense of inclusivity and personalization in their fitness journey.

Limitations/Contradictions:

1. It's important to note that the study had a relatively small sample size, with only 29 subjects participating. This could potentially limit the generalizability of the findings, and further research with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm these results.
2. The study did not find significant changes in chest press 1RM or %1RMPP for either exercise, suggesting that VBT may have varying effects on different muscle groups. ​
3. The study did not compare different velocity-based thresholds; only a 10% threshold was examined. ​ Further research is needed to determine the optimal velocity loss threshold for older adults. ​
4. The study focused on healthy older adults and did not include individuals with specific health conditions or mobility limitations. The applicability of VBT to these populations may require further investigation.

Practical Applications:

1. Velocity-based training can be an effective method for improving strength and power in older adults. ​
2. Practitioners can target specific deficiencies and adaptations by individualizing exercise regimens based on load-velocity profiles. ​
3. Monitoring velocity during training sessions and adjusting loads based on the ability to maintain prescribed velocity thresholds can optimize training outcomes.
4. VBT can be implemented using pneumatic resistance machines. Training sessions are conducted three times weekly for 12 weeks.

​Want to learn what force you can produce? Schedule a Force Plate Analysis today, or contact us to learn more.

Jon Esposito PhD, CSCS, USAW, CISSN